Perhaps it's easier than it seems.
If it is an integrated receiver and Windows is able to obtain location data from it, then you should be able to access that data through the 'Windows Location API'.
In that case, it should be possible to write a script to be executed from PowerShell that creates a loop to poll the receiver and write the data to a file. That loop would run in parallel with AutoCAD, allowing Lisp to read the new data as it is written.
This method would be "intrusive", since it would occupy AutoCAD's command stream for as long as the command is running.
However, there is another, less intrusive option that could operate in the "background": write the data to a system variable ('USERS#') and create a reactor that responds to changes in that variable: 'vlr-sysvar-reactor'.
If the script is executed in a background PowerShell instance, you would also need to write a Lisp command capable of closing that instance when necessary.
Once the script has been debugged, it could be incorporated into the Lisp code itself, making the whole solution completely self-contained.
I haven't had much free time lately, but I'll try to investigate all of this a bit further.